Highlights in Exodus: The Appointment

In our last presentation in Exodus, titled The Life, and Wife, of Moses, we had also taken some time discussing the Tel el Amarna tablets, which contain a cache of correspondence from the various rulers of the city-states of Canaan, most of them written to the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaton. This was expedient to do, since in our first presentation, The Exodus In Controversy and History, we discussed inscriptions left behind by his immediate predecessor, Amenhotep III, which mentioned a people whom he had described as the “nomads of Yahweh”, and as having been in the land of Canaan in his time.

We have dated the Exodus event to about 1450 BC. Amenhotep III ruled Egypt from about 1391 to 1353 BC, and Akhenaten from about 1353 to 1336 BC, according to the general chronologies which sometimes differ by a few years. So after forty years of wandering in the desert of Sinai, the children of Israel, the only group who could possibly have been called the “nomads of Yahweh”, are in Canaan, which is consistent with the Biblical account of the book of Joshua. Then some time later the rulers of the various cities in Canaan are appealing to help from Egypt to ward off the invading hapiru, or habiru, a group which academic scholars are resistant to identifying as Hebrews, in spite of the consistency of the reports in the Amarna tablets with the events recorded in the books of Joshua and the early chapters of Judges.

Highlights in Exodus: The Life, and Wife, of Moses

In our last discussion of Exodus, titled The Exodus In Controversy and History, we illustrated how the children of Israel in their nomadic post-Exodus period were described as the “Shasu of Yahweh”, which is to say, “Nomads of Yahweh”, by pharaoh Amenhotep III in inscriptions which had been made some time around 1390 BC. This correlates very well with our general estimations of the time of the event of the Exodus from 1450 BC. After over forty years of wandering in the Sinai desert, an event which the Egyptians must have spied out somewhat regularly, even if the children of Israel had gone north to the plains of Moab, and began to invade Canaan at that time, Amenhotep III must have known of their presence wandering in the wilderness, and recorded it as he had known it. This, beyond all doubt, proves the general veracity of the Exodus account.

The memory among the nobility of the Name Yahweh, a Name with which Moses had confronted the pharaoh in subsequent chapters of Exodus, also serves to corroborate the Exodus account of the plagues of Egypt and the ultimate release of Israel. So those events must have been sufficiently notable that the house of the pharaoh remember the Name of Yahweh.

Now here I am going to take an opportunity to take this proof of the historicity of the Exodus account a step further in Egyptian archaeology. While there is much academic debate as to whether the habiru or hapiru of the Tel el Amarna tablets are the Hebrews of Scripture, I would certainly insist that they are. But academic scholars point to the apparent use of the similar Akkadian word hapiru to describe groups of outlaws, brigands or robbers, or also marginalized outsiders or refugees. With this I disagree.

My first contention is this: a marginalized ethnic group taken to living outside of the fringes of society may naturally be perceived in such a manner, and the Hebrews, whether in Egypt or in Padanaram, do seem to have been marginalized and disenfranchised, having had no distinct land of their own. Then we should consider colloquialisms. For example, in Medieval Europe the word Slav, describing the people of Eastern Europe, became synonymous with slave in English, as the Vikings regularly traded Slavs as slaves in the West, whereby we have our word slave. In America today, if someone, even a friend, burdens you with undue requests, you may look at him and say something like “What am I, your nigger?” Of course, you are not making a statement that you are black, but blacks had been slaves for several hundred years, and they are the most recent slaves in our historical experience, so blacks are still associated with slavery in parts of our vernacular. The Israelites having escaped Egypt may easily have been seen in that same manner.

Highlights in Exodus: The Exodus In Controversy and History

Here I am going to endeavor a discussion of the Book of Exodus. This will not be a verse-by-verse commentary. Rather, I will focus on the historical details of the Exodus, on an outline of the history of the children of Israel in the Book of Exodus, and also on the Law, as Christians are often confused concerning the Law, in reference to which commandments are those that Christ expects His disciples to keep, and which commandments are the rituals and civic laws of Israel which are now obsolete under the New Covenant. I may interject comments on other passages where it is fitting. As we always have done in our Old Testament commentaries, we shall follow the King James Version, and do our best to note the significant differences which may be found in the Septuagint, the Dead Sea Scrolls and even the early translations found in the Hexapla of Origen.

On the history of the Exodus, most Christians who pay attention to the mainstream academic jargon, especially when it is echoed in popular media, should already be aware that this is always under attack by one academic scholar or another, and there are always fascinating new “discoveries” which seek to discredit the Exodus account. However sometimes there are discoveries which demonstrate its historicity, and hopefully we shall discuss the more significant of those here.

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 71: The Appointed Place

In Isaiah chapter 64 the prophet had presented A Prayer for Repentance, where he had portrayed the children of Israel as having prayed to Yahweh their God for mercy, and also that He would take vengeance upon His enemies, since for Israel it is evident that there is Mercy in Vengeance, as we had seen in our discussion of Isaiah chapter 63. Then in Isaiah chapter 65, which we had titled Christians and Pagans, we see that the prophet had recorded the answer of Yahweh to that prayer, and while most of it was directed towards the obedient of His people, those who would choose to serve Him, for their good, there were also grave warnings for those who would remain rebellious, that they would be put to the sword. As they were described in that chapter, we could only describe the obedient as Christians, who would wait on Yahweh for their salvation and hearken to His Word, and the rebels as pagans, as they continued in their licentiousness and their sin. So with this is a valid explanation for the wars of the children of Israel as they migrated and settled into their new homes in the Appointed Place, which is described in the closing verses of this final chapter. 

Subsequently, for the obedient there was a promise of a New Heavens and Earth, and the answer to their prayer continues through Isaiah chapter 66, and the very end of this book of prophecy. Where we had left off with verse 4 of this 66th and final chapter of Isaiah, the Word of Yahweh had once again turned to the contrasting fates of Christians and pagans, of those who would obey Him and those who would not, where He had had avowed to consider the humble and contrite, those who respected His Word, but for those who would not, He said:

4 I also will choose their delusions, and will bring their fears upon them; because when I called, none did answer; when I spake, they did not hear: but they did evil before mine eyes, and chose that in which I delighted not.

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